A mitochondria-targeting antioxidant tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, optimizing electron transport chain efficiency.
~2 - 4 hours
Cardiolipin Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Domain
C32H49N9O5
Investigated via subcutaneous injection and intravenous infusion in rare mitochondrial disease and heart failure trials.
Small or observational human data; warrants clinical caution.
Animal (rodent) and in-vitro cellular assays. Does NOT prove human efficacy.
Formal regulatory oversight and verified clinical development phase.
Evidence classification for SS-31 (Elamipretide): Human clinical data is strictly differentiated from non-human animal and in-vitro laboratory assays.
C32H49N9O5
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (where Dmt = 2,6-dimethyltyrosine)
SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller 31, generic name Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that readily crosses cell membranes and selectively accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. By electrostatically and hydrophobically associating with cardiolipin, SS-31 stabilizes mitochondrial cristae architecture, prevents cytochrome c detachment, and dramatically reduces pathological reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Directly associates with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, preventing lipid peroxidation, maintaining respiratory complex integrity (supercomplexes), and boosting ATP production in ischemic and aging tissues.
Peer-reviewed publications, clinical trials, and preclinical research investigating SS-31 (Elamipretide).
Translational aging study showing that the cardiolipin-targeted peptide SS-31 reverses mitochondrial energy deficits and restores contractile force in aged musculoskeletal tissue.
Documented literature dosing intervals and published clinical trial protocols.
Biological delivery routes and standardized laboratory reconstitution principles.
Investigated via subcutaneous injection and intravenous infusion in rare mitochondrial disease and heart failure trials.
Lyophilized peptides must be reconstituted using sterile bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) and maintained strictly refrigerated between 2°C - 8°C (36°F - 46°F), shielded from light.
View Full Preparation ProtocolCompiled from peer-reviewed biomedical literature, public clinical trial registries, and recognized reference catalog databases.
Pharmacological profiles, receptor targets, and clinical data are verified against primary registries:
Community research topics, peptide nomenclature, and aliases are cross-referenced with public catalogs:
This topic was identified through research of publicly available peptide resources and peer-reviewed literature. Peptide Health Digest provides independent scientific explanations and does not endorse commercial distribution.
